Singh S, Gaikwad KK, Il PS, Lee YS (2017) Microwave-assisted step reduced extraction of seaweed ( Gelidiella aceroso) cellulose nanocrystals. īenito-González I, López-Rubio A, Gavara R, Martínez-Sanz M (2019) Cellulose nanocrystal-based films produced by more sustainable extraction protocols from Posidonia oceanica waste biomass. Xiao Y, Liu Y, Wang X et al (2019) Cellulose nanocrystals prepared from wheat bran: characterization and cytotoxicity assessment.
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Īl-Dulaimi AA, Wanrosli WD (2017) Isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from totally chlorine free oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp. Īrnata IW, Suprihatin S, Fahma F et al (2020) Cationic modification of nanocrystalline cellulose from sago fronds. Meng F, Wang G, Du X et al (2019) Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanofibers and nanocrystals from liquefied banana pseudo-stem residue. ĭai H, Ou S, Huang Y, Huang H (2018) Utilization of pineapple peel for production of nanocellulose and film application. Pereira PHF, Ornaghi Júnior HL, Coutinho LV et al (2020) Obtaining cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple crown fibers by free-chlorite hydrolysis with sulfuric acid: physical, chemical and structural characterization. Prado KS, Spinacé MAS (2019) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple crown waste and their potential uses. Jordan JH, Easson MW, Dien B et al (2019) Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose crystals from cotton gin motes and cotton gin waste. Wijaya CJ, Saputra SN, Soetaredjo FE et al (2017) Cellulose nanocrystals from passion fruit peels waste as antibiotic drug carrier. Klemm D, Cranston ED, Fischer D et al (2018) Nanocellulose as a natural source for groundbreaking applications in materials science: today’s state.
Ībitbol T, Rivkin A, Cao Y et al (2016) Nanocellulose, a tiny fiber with huge applications. Part II: environmental assessment of technological pathways. ĭo Nascimento DM, Dias AF, de Araújo Junior CP et al (2016) A comprehensive approach for obtaining cellulose nanocrystal from coconut fiber.
Īdel AM, Abd El-Wahab ZH, Ibrahim AA, Al-Shemy MT (2011) Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose prepared from lignocellulosic materials. Įl Achaby M, El Miri N, Hannache H et al (2018) Production of cellulose nanocrystals from vine shoots and their use for the development of nanocomposite materials. Poletto M, Ornaghi Júnior HL, Zattera AJ (2014) Native cellulose: Structure, characterization and thermal properties. This study showed that the CNCs isolated exhibited high crystallinity, aspect ratio, colloidal and thermal stability although differences were observed due to variations in cellulose sources. The thermal studies by TGA/DTG revealed the CNCs had a two-step decomposition process at T max 215–225 ☌ and 340–355 ☌. TEM observations revealed that the CNCs were needle-shaped nanoscale structures with different aspect ratios (17.32–36.67) and dimensions (average length: 154.28–193.06 nm diameter: 5.16–11.79 nm), while the DLS measurements provided the hydrodynamic sizes, 96.96–184.90 nm. FTIR spectra of all CNCs indicated typical chemical composition of cellulose. The highest yield (~ 70%), CrI (~ 86%), and crystal size (~ 6 nm) were observed in EF–CNCs, and the least in CH–CNCs (yield: ~ 25%, CrI: ~ 77%, crystal size: ~ 4 nm). The CNCs displayed a typical crystal lattice of I β-type based on XRD patterns, d-spacings and Z-values. The as-obtained CNCs were investigated and characterized in terms of yield, crystallinity, chemical functionality, morphology, particle size, zeta potential (ZP) and thermal stability. CNCs were then isolated following hydrolysis of the cellulose fibers with 64% sulfuric acid. Cellulose fibers were obtained using chlorine-free extraction with 5% sodium hydroxide pretreatment followed by delignification (with formic acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) and bleaching (with alkaline hydrogen peroxide). In this study, CNCs were isolated from four abundant lignocellulosic byproducts: teff ( Eragrostis tef, Poaceae) straw, enset ( Ensete ventricosum, Musaceae) fiber (EF), sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae) bagasse and coffee ( Coffea arabica, Rubiaceae) hull (CH). Recently, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have captured the interest of researchers and industries.
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